How does IoT architecture promote the construction of smart cities?

There are several key layers to an IoT architecture, but all of these layers need to work together for a smart city to be successful.
With the rise and development of smart cities around the world, it brings more value to local governments and residents. But smart cities wouldn’t be all that smart without the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things architecture is the basis for the continuous advancement of smart cities.
In cities, there are many things that can become "smart", from street lights, transportation, energy, health, buildings and the environment, all because of the Internet of Things architecture. There are several key layers to an IoT architecture, but all of these layers need to work together for a smart city to be successful. промышленный iot-шлюз
In addition to the participation of government departments, the technology required to realize smart city applications is the foundation. As industry experts point out, two of these elements are connectivity (connecting devices to the internet so they can exchange information) and data (generated by devices without which connected devices have limited utility). And devices that don't exchange and generate information (data, video, etc.) are pretty much meaningless.
According to a research report released by research firm Frost & Sullivan in November last year, smart city spending on technology is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 22.7%, and the market size will jump to $327 billion by 2025, higher than in 2019 of $96 billion. To achieve this goal, governments will need to continue investing in their IoT architectures.
What is IoT Architecture?
As Microsoft notes on its website, IoT applications can be described as things (devices) that send data to generate insights. These insights lead to actions to improve the business or process. Ethernet-адаптер rs485
The company added: "An example would be an engine (thing) sending temperature data. This data is used to assess whether the engine is operating as expected (insights). Insights is used to proactively prioritize the engine's maintenance schedule (operations)."
The operation operates within a framework known as IoT architecture. "IoT system architecture is often described as a four-stage process in which data flows from sensors connected to 'things' through the network and ultimately to Enterprise data center or cloud for processing, analysis and storage.
In IoT, 'things' can be machines, buildings or even people. Processes in IoT architectures also send data in the other direction in the form of instructions or commands that tell actuators or other physically connected devices to take some action to control the physical process. If an impending failure is detected, the actuator can do something as simple as turn on a light or shut down an assembly line. "
As Microsoft and Digi point out, data flows from devices through gateways, processed at the edge, and then further processed in data centers or in the cloud.
What are the four layers of IoT architecture?
Different research firms and vendors have different names for IoT architectural layers, but they generally fall into the following categories:
(1) Perceptual layer
This is where the IoT architecture starts. In this layer, sensors or actuators respectively monitor or control some physical objects. Jahnke writes, “Sensors capture data about the state of a process or environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, chemical composition, liquid level in a storage tank, fluid flow in a pipeline, or speed on an assembly line, to name a few. In some cases, the sensor Conditions or events that require a near-immediate response may be detected so that actuators can perform remedial actions in real time, such as adjusting the flow rate of a fluid or the motion of an industrial robot."
(2) Network layer
According to Jahnke, data from sensors or actuators is sent through the network layer, which includes internet gateways and data acquisition systems. He writes, “A data acquisition system (DAS) collects raw data from sensors and converts it from analog to digital format. The data is then aggregated and formatted by the data acquisition system (DAS) for transmission over a wireless wide area Wi-Fi or cellular network) or wired WAN to send data through an internet gateway for the next stage of processing."
(3) Data processing or management
Jahnke writes, "After the data is digitized and aggregated, before it enters the data center or cloud platform, processing is required to further reduce the volume of data. The data can be pre-processed at the edge of the network close to the device, which may include some analysis machines. Learning tools can be used to provide feedback to connected systems based on telemetry data to improve their performance."
As Microsoft points out, data can take two paths at this point. In Microsoft's nomenclature, one is the "hot path," which analyzes telemetry data in near real-time as it arrives. Data is processed at the edge with very low latency, locally using a "hot processing engine" whose output data may trigger an alert or be queried. The other, according to Microsoft, is the "cold path," which executes batches at longer intervals (hourly or daily). Cold paths typically operate on large amounts of data, but their results don't need to be as timely as hot paths. In the cold path, raw telemetry data is captured and then fed into batches.
Further analysis of the data can be done in the cloud or in the data center, and data from multiple field sites/sensors can be combined to provide a broader picture of the entire IoT system and provide IT and business managers with actionable insights.
(4) Application layer
"In this layer industry-specific and/or enterprise-specific applications can be used to perform in-depth analysis and apply business rules to determine if action is required," Jahnke said. "Incoming data may indicate changes to device settings or other ways to optimize processes." desired changes, creating a cycle that fosters continuous improvement.”
What is a smart city?
There are a range of definitions for a smart city, but no consensus on basic criteria.
According to consulting firm Deloitte, "a smart city is a city that uses information and communication technology (ICT) to improve operational efficiency, share information with the public, and improve the quality of government services and citizens' welfare."
Smart cities look at every aspect of city operations and use technology to improve outcomes. The digital infrastructure of smart cities forms the basis for a network of partners all focused on one goal: to create smarter cities. The result is an urban center that not only uses technology to improve its own operations, but connects with citizens, businesses, and nonprofits in new ways.
Quality of life, economic competitiveness and sustainability are the three key differentiators for smart cities, the company said.
Smart City Network and Community Bee Smart City believes that for a city to "become a true smart city or community", it needs to advance in six strategic areas of action: smart government, smart economy, smart environment, smart life, smart mobility and smart talent.
Others focus on outcomes using IoT architecture and connectivity technologies.
Gartner analyst Bettina Tratz-Ryan said: "Our definition of a smart city is about how to efficiently optimize some technology, operation or infrastructure. So how do you start to share results or best practices with each other? Civic outcomes or context. In contextual services, it’s not just looking at citizens, but people with individual needs or business groups with very specific needs. That makes for a smart city.”
Examples of Smart Cities Leveraging IoT Architectures
IoT architectures are the foundation of smart city use cases. Cities deploy an array of sensors to collect data on everything from whether parking spaces are empty to how many people pass by a certain point.
That data, as it travels through the network layer and is subsequently analyzed, can inform an app if it's showing residents that the place is vacant, or it could cause street lights to dim or brighten based on nearby roads.
Esmeralda Swartz, vice president of strategy, marketing and communications at network technology supplier Ericsson, said smart parking is a clear example of the overall architecture.
He said, "If you think about people being one of the biggest drivers of traffic congestion, whether it's residents or tourists, driving around looking for a vacant parking space. Now it can be done through a mobile application, through sensors deployed in parking spaces. , knowing exactly where to drive your car without having to hunt around and try to find a vacant parking space. It’s these simple things that we take for granted that can improve interactions with public city services.”
Another example that Swartz points to is waste management. He said, "For example, the sensor technology applied to the smart waste container, it knows when the garbage is basically thrown into the garbage bin, then compresses the garbage, and when the garbage bin is full, it will notify the city sanitation department in time to collect the garbage."
None of these applications and their benefits would be possible without an IoT architecture to collect, pool and analyze data.