The causes of infertility can be multiple. They are of female or male origin, and mixed for many couples. The evolution of our society also contributes to the increase in infertility. The delay in the average age of childbearing for women, but also certain behavioral and environmental factors have a negative influence on fertility.
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What are the main causes of female infertility?
A normal menstrual cycle is regular, and lasts an average of 28 days. Each cycle is normally ovulatory. In case of ovulation disorders, the menstrual cycle can be irregular, infrequent (oligomenorrhea), or completely absent (amenorrhea). Ovulation disorders can be treated with hormonal treatment.
- Tubal problems. The fallopian tubes can be damaged, non-existent, or simply blocked. This may be due to an old infection, or to a previous surgery (for example in the case of an ectopic pregnancy).
- Insufficient production of cervical mucus, necessary for the transfer of sperm to the egg.
- Congenital uterine malformations.
- Benign tumors (fibroids or polyps).
- The endometrium is a lining that lines the uterus. The endometrium thickens each month in preparation for possible fertilization. Without fertilization, the upper layers of the endometrium are shed by periods (menstruation). But endometrium can be found elsewhere than in the uterus, in the fallopian tubes or ovaries, for example. This is called endometriosis. This endometriosis can interfere with fertility.
- Absence of oocyte and early menopause.
- A hereditary disease.
- Sexual intercourse disorders.
- Unexplained sterility, no apparent cause of infertility can be found.
Age. The desire for motherhood manifests itself later and later in our industrialized societies. The period of studies is prolonged, and it is only once the professional situation has stabilized that a pregnancy is considered. Very often the woman is then between 30 and 35 years old, and her fertility has already started to decline.
Other factors, external or behavioral, can also affect fertility, such as excessive fatigue, stress, smoking, very thin or overweight.
What are the main causes of male infertility?
A decrease in the number and quality of sperm, which may be due to inflammation, infection or a testicular varicose vein (varicocele). Very often however, the depletion of sperm quality remains unexplained.
No sperm in the ejaculate (azoospermia), due to obstruction of the excretory ducts or congenital absence of the excretory ducts.
- A hereditary disease.
- Sexual intercourse disorders.
- Unexplained sterility.
Male infertility concerns seem to be more frequent than before. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain the phenomenon. Exposure to certain forms of pollution, containing endocrine disruptors such as pesticides and phthalates, would have a negative influence on the quality of sperm production. Other factors, more of a behavioral origin, would also have a negative influence on the quality of spermatozoa: tobacco consumption, obesity, stress, wearing tight clothes causing higher than normal heat.
Even though the causes of male infertility are difficult to determine (in many cases none are found), they should still be investigated, as some can be treated.
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